History of the Germania Orchestra
- An account of the Germania Musical Society Orchestra
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The Germania Musical Society Orchestra in 1850
The Germania Orchestra and Origins of the Philadelphia Orchestra
The roots of the Philadelphia Orchestra can be traced to fifty years before its founding in 1900. This was with the visits of the Germania Musical Association Orchestra, the first U.S. orchestra which we would regard as being 'professional', even if they often failed to make a professional living from being musicians of this orchestra. The Germania Orchestra was a touring group of about 23 musicians, all trained in Germany, who toured the eastern U.S. in 1848 and 1849, playing symphonic music.
These German musicians, encouraged it is said by the European unrest of 1848, banded together with the determination to go to the U.S. and perform as an orchestra. Many of these musicians had played in the Joseph Gung'l orchestra of Berlin (which also later toured in the U.S.). in 1848, the Germania musicians voyaged to London and then to New York City 74. Their first concert was in New York City on October 5, 1848 71, followed by 20 more concerts in New York and Brooklyn. In January, 1849, the Germania Orchestra played in Philadelphia, again with critical praise, but financial losses 74. As and example, the Germania Orchestra regularly played the Scherzo from Mendelssohn's 'A Midsummer's Night Dream Overture' which was received enthusiastically by the audiences. To put this into context, consider that Mendelssohn had only died about 18 months prior to this performance.
In many ways, the Germania Orchestra was a revelation, since orchestra playing in the U.S. at that time - certainly playing at a professional level - could be said to barely exist. In contrast, the Germania Orchestra was comprised of able musicians, playing together in ensemble, with a thorough understanding of the music. In spite of these advantages, the reception in Boston, New York and Philadelphia did not fund their growth. The Germania Musical Association continued, in a struggling way for some five years, mostly under the direction of Carl Bergmann 71.
Germania Orchestra in 1850 (left to right, with some guesses) Carl Zerrahn (at left with flute), G. Hoffitz, Charles M. Schmitz (violin), Ferdinand Thiede (bassoon), Karl Meisel (violin), W. Balke (bass), William (Wilhelm) Buchheister (viola), H. Luhde (cello), Charles Bartels (bass), William (Wilhelm Heinrich) Schultze (violin), Carl Bergmann (conductor and cello), W. Brandt (violin), C. Stein (violin), W. Thomas (violin), Carl Sentz (violin), W. Meier (oboe), Christoph Plagemann [Plaggemann] (horn), Henry L. Albrecht (viola), Henry (Heinrich) Ahner (trumpet), M. Moritz [or Morritz] (trumpet), H. Küstenmacher (horn).
Some members of this group played a role in the musical development
in the U.S. and in Philadelphia in particular, which led
to the eventual creation of
the Philadelphia Orchestra. When the Germania Orchestra visited
Philadelphia in January, 1849, and could not pay either its hall or its
musicians, and a few of its musicians apparently
remained in Philadelphia.
Then, in 1856, a local Philadelphia orchestra was organized and
again adopted the Germania Orchestra name 72. In the
1884 book by William Mactier, Sketch of the Musical Fund Society of
Philadelphia
77, this creation is described:
"...In September, 1856, an orchestra was formed in this city [Philadelphia] consisting of twenty-eight professional members. As many of these members had been formerly connected with the Germania Musical Society, it was proposed to give to this organization the name of the Germania Orchestra..." 77
The (newer or reorganized) Germania Orchestra was
conducted by Carl Sentz and also by Charles M. Schmitz,
both of the original 1848 Germania Musical Society.
(Charles Schmitz had performed in Philadelphia in the
early 1850s at violin recitals of the Musical Fund Society)
77. William Stoll, Jr. was usually the 'Leader',
or Concertmaster during much of the 1870s and 1880s. It
seems that Christopher (or Christoph) Plagemann, horn
and Henry L. Albrech, viola, both of the original
Germania Musical Society also played in the 'new'
Germania Orchestra. Also, according to materials
of the Library of the University of Pennsylvania:
"...Carl Sentz was the director of the Germania Orchestra, begun in 1856, incorporated in 1860 and disbanded in 1895. About one half its members continued playing in the Henry Thunder Orchestra, all of which was incorporated into the Philadelphia Orchestra. Sentz came to this country as a drummer with the Steiermarkisches Orchestra..." 72. [note: The last sentence may be incorrect; Carl Sentz seems not to have arrived with the Steyermark Orchestra, which did tour the U.S. beginning in 1846 75, but rather to have arrived with the 24 musicians who sailed to New York City in September, 1848, and who formed the Germania Orchestra 74.]
The Germania Orchestra of Philadelphia continued active in the
1880s, including playing at the inaugural ball for President
Grover Cleveland's first term in March, 1885. In about 1883-1884,
Max Bendix
(1866-1945) became Concertmaster of the Germania Orchestra of
Philadelphia. During this period, there were other orchestras
around the country which adopted the 'Germania Orchestra' name, but,
other than Boston, the only group having direct membership from
the original 1848 Germania Musical Association Orchestra, with the
musicians who sailed from Europe in 1848 was the orchestra based
in Philadelphia.
During 1895-1897, the Philadelphia Music Fund Society helped fund the Philadelphia-based Germania Orchestra to expand its number of Friday concerts under William Stoll, Jr 78. During this same period in 1893, an amateur orchestra, the Symphony Society of Philadelphia was active under the conductor Dr. W. W. Gilchrist 79.
The Henry Gordon Thunder Orchestra
The Philadelphia-based Germania Orchestra disbanded in 1897. As stated in the University of Pennsylvania Library reference above, about one half of the Germania Orchestra musicians continued playing in the Thunder Orchestra. This was a new Philadelphia Orchestra organized by Henry Gordon Thunder, Jr. (1865-1958).
Henry Gordon Thunder
Henry Gordon Thunder was, like his musician father, was an organist
and choir master. In 1896-1897, with the slow expiration of the
Germania Orchestra of Philadelphia, Henry Gordon Thunder organized
an orchestra in Philadelphia that was known by his name. In the
Summer of 1900, prior to opening of the first season of the Philadelphia
Orchestra, a critic wrote this about the Thunder Orchestra:
"...During the past three years [i.e. the seasons of 1897-1900], series of symphony orchestra concerts have been played in the Musical Fund Hall [in Philadelphia], and the programs show that in this third year of fifteen concerts the works played number 165 by 71 different composers, from Bach down to the present. Among the ambitious selections, Liszt's 'Faust Symphony' may be mentioned. In a note closing the program, Mr. Thunder states that the support has not improved as fast as was hoped and that every concert has resulted in a loss for him, and a sacrifice on the part of the musicians, who have played more for the sake of the pleasure of the music, than for the money they hoped to get out of it...73.
Contemporary accounts said that a large number of the Thunder Orchestra
players, plus musicians from the Symphony Society of Philadelphia were
included in the newly-organized Philadelphia Orchestra during its
first season in 1900-1901.
Other Information on the Original Germania Orchestra
This is a collection of various information about the musicians
of the
Germania Musical Association Orchestra
, as it
was in its inception in 1848-1850. Most birth dates come
from the 1850 U.S. Census, and all births were in Germany.
Charles Lenschow (1821-1890)
was conductor of the Germania Orchestra,
in 1848, later succeeded by Carl Bergmann. Lenschow composed
songs and marches with some success, including 'Panorama of Broadway, New York'.
Lenschow died in Baltimore, Maryland in 1890.
Karl or Carl Meisel (1829-1908)
Played at the first violin desk, next
to Schultze. Meisel also became in 1854 a second violin with
the Mendelssohn Quintette of Boston. Meisel later
became a violin with the Boston Symphony 1881-1882, 1883-1885.
At the time of his death, he was the oldest member
of the Boston Symphony.
William (Wilhelm Heinrich)
Schultze (January 10, 1828-September 26, 1888) violin was born in Hanover,
Germany where his father was a bandmaster. Schultze studied with
Karl Müller 1843-1845 and Karl Böhmer in Berlin 1845-1847. Became
leader of the
Mendelssohn Quintette Club in Boston 1859-1878 75. Also
played in the Boston Orchestral Union and the Musical Fund Society.
Later, in 1877, Professor of Music, Syracuse University.
Died in Syracuse in September 1888, while playing a recital 75.
Ernest Pfeiffer (1817-circa 1866) flute.
Born in Saxon, Germany. Flute in
the original Germania Orchestra. After the Germania Orchestra disbanded
in 1856, Pfeiffer worked until about 1865 in the Philadelphia
Institution for the Blind. Pfeiffer died in during the 1860s
74.
Carl Zerrahn (1827- )
first flute and later conductor. Zerrahn was born in Malchow,
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, July 28, 1826. His early musical studies were in Rostock
(in the North of Germany on the North Sea) at age 12. He then studied in Hannover and
Berlin. In 1848, with about 24 colleague musicians, was organized the Germania Musical
Society. Beginning in about 1854, Zerrahn became musical director of the Handel and
Haydn Society of Boston.
Joachim Schultz clarinet
Germania Society 1848-1854. played in the Boston
Orchestral Union.
William (Wilhelm) Buchheister (1824- ) viola
Adolph Kielblock (1824- ) trombone. Later settled in Boston.
Charles M. Schmitz (1824-circa 1900) violin. Schmitz later played
with and conducted the 'new' Germania Orchestra
in Philadelphia and was, with Carl Sentz a frequent conductor of
the Orchestra in the 1870s and 1880s.
William Ferdinand Thiede (Prussia 1822-Baltimore
December 23. 1911) bassoon. Germania Society 1848-1854. Also played
in the Boston Orchestral Union and the Musical Fund Society. Then
moved to Baltimore where he conducted the Haydn Amateur Orchestra.
W. Balke (1828- ) bass
H. Luhde (1821- ) cello
Carl Bergmann (1821-1876) Conductor and cellist
of the Germania Musical Association. Bergmann
briefly led an orchestra in Chicago, following the 1856 disbandment
of the Germania Orchestra. Bergmann remained in Chicago for
only two concerts, since the musicians were not accepting him.
Bergmann returned to New York where he conducted the New York
Philharmonic society 1855-1865, sharing conducting with Theodore
Eisfeld during this period. 1865-1876, when he died, Bergmann
was sole conductor of the New York Philharmonic.
Carl Sentz (1828-after 1888) Germania Society 1848-1854.
He was the leading second violin. First taught at the Young Ladies
Academy in Worcester, MA. Then went to Philadelphia and was a professor
of music in Philadelphia, where he pursued a conducting
career. in 1876, Carl Sentz was conductor of
a Philadelphia group in London at the U.S. organized celebration
of the 100th anniversary of U.S. independence. He was also
active in conducting an orchestra, sometimes called the Germania
Orchestra in Philadelphia, and nearby cities
in the 1870s and 1880s, as well as larger summer
festival orchestras. In November, 1883,
Carl Sentz conducted an orchestra at the Atlanta (Georgia)
Music Festival.
Christopher (or Christoph) Plagemann or Plaggeman
(November 28, 1819-after 1880) French horn
settled in Philadelphia after the Germania Society disbanded.
Henry L. Albrecht (1822- ) born in Mecklenburg, Germany. Viola
of the original
Germania Orchestra, worked as a music teacher in Philadelphia.
Henry (Heinrich) Ahner (trumpet).
After the Germania Orchestra
broke up in 1856 toured the U.S. with soprano Teresa Parodi.
In 1858, Ahner came to Chicago to try to build a viable orchestra
76. '...With an orchestra of 26 pieces, he gave
popular concerts in Chicago in 1856, 1857, and 1858.'
However, economic results were bad and Ahner not a particularly
good business man 76. Henry Ahner died shortly
thereafter in Chicago in 1858.
M. Moritz (1826- ) trumpet
F. Hasse (1828- ).
H. Küstenmacher (1821- ) horn
D. Ohlemann (1826- ) oboe
Fredrick or Ferdinand Zöhler viola Germania Society probably
only 1853. Also played flute with the Boston Orchestral
Union and the Musical Fund Society. Also Harvard Musical
Association.
William Thomas Germania Society 1850-1854 may have lived in
New York City.
Friedrich George Haehnel (or Hähnel) (1827-1902) clarinet
Njorth drums
William Stoll, Jr. violin
Robert A. Gerson states 5 that Leopold Engelke,
born October 26, 1826 was a member of the original
Germania Orchestra. However, since records
shown that Leopold Engelke emigrated to the US in
November, 1859, he could not have been part of the
1848 Germania Musical Society musicians. Engelke
was active in chamber music in Philadelphia and also
taught music. He died before 1900.
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Philadelphia Maestros: Ormandy, Muti, Sawallisch
. Temple University Press. Philadelphia, PA.
2006. ISBN: 1-59213-487-4
127 Eschenbach, Christoph.; Christoph Eschenbach
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http://www.christoph-eschenbach.com/index.php?lid=en&cid=2.1&pid=2
128 page 32. Cooper, Stefan Trumpet Players of
the San Francisco Symphony 1911-1995. International
Trumpet Guild Journal. February, 1996.
129 pages 226,227. Tarr, Edward H. Tarr, Carter, Stewart Carter,
editors. East Meets West: The Russian Trumpet Tradition from the
Time of Peter the Great to the October Revolution
. Pendragon Press. New York, New York. March, 2004.
ISBN-13: 9781576470282.
130 page 52. Philadelphia - Changes in the
Orchestra. The Violinist, Volume 16. Chicago,
Illinois. October, 1913.
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