Further Material about
Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra
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Further Material about Leopold Stokowski
and the Philadelphia Orchestra
Leopold Stokowski about 1929 - sketch by Oscar Berger
Further Information about Stokowski and about the Philadelphia Orchestra
This Leopold Stokowski site is
devoted to the legacy of Leopold Stokowski from his work with
the Philadelphia Orchestra. However, in this section,
added material about both Stokowski and about the Philadelphia
Orchestra from a broader period is included.
Included here previously, but moved
to its own page is
biographical information on the Musicians
of the Philadelphia Orchestra.
Click here to read about the Philadelphia
Orchestra Principal musicians.
Here are included discussions of the
recordings and history of Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra,
as well as links to a number of pages of related information.
Stokowski and Soloists
It is striking that during the
period of Stokowski's recordings from 1917 to 1940 he recorded
almost no works with instrumental soloist. Paul Robinson
in his Stokowski biography said "...the combination of a drive
to dominate and a skill capable of achieving domination helps to
account for his success."1 This commentary might be
considered to be characteristic of nearly all of the successful
great conductors. Those great conductors who may have had
less drive to control and dominate seem to have suffered as a
result. Dimitri Metropoulos comes to mind.
However, Robinson also speaks of Stokowski's life-long preference for self-sufficiency. He
tried systematically to avoid dependency on others, whether orchestral boards, wives, agents, or
friends2. This observation may seem harsh or categorical, but is reflected in
the biographies and reminiscences about this great conductor. So, at the risk of slipping
into the character of an "armchair psychologist", could this quest for control and
self-sufficiency be a reason why he seemed not to want to share the interpretation and delivery of
great works with leading soloists?
Consider the many concerti that would seem logically to have been at the core of a Stokowski -
Philadelphia repertoire. The two Brahms Piano Concerti, the Brahms Violin Concerto,
the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto, just to name a few. These would likely also be among the
favorite concerti of the Philadelphia audience. The Tchaikovsky was in fact
a featured work for Stokowski's very first concert as a
conductor, with the Paris Colonne Orchestra, May 12, 1909, with
his wife Olga Samaroff as piano soloist. The Tchaikovsky
concerto was also part of the first
Philadelphia Orchestra concert of November 16, 1900 8. None of these did he record
with the Philadelphia Orchestra. Further, looking at Enno Riekena's excellent
discography
of Stokowski's recordings, we see that the Brahms and Tchaikovsky piano concerti he did not record commercially.
There exist a non-commercial release of a live recording of each of these from the 1960s.
And the Brahms Violin Concerto seems not to exist in any recording. This is striking, given that
these concerti would seem to be in the heart of the repertoire favored by Stokowski.
The examples of recordings of concerted works with soloist which are exceptions to this pattern
of avoiding the concerto are each interesting. First is the series of famous recordings of Rachmaninoff
piano works: the 1924 and 1929 recordings of the Second Piano Concerto and the 1934 recording of the
"Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini". These are recordings with not just a soloist, but
with the composer, who also is one of the great pianists of the age. Stokowski could feel
open to share the interpretation with the composer of the work.
Rachmaninoff in the 1920s
Rachmaninoff and Stokowski Disagree on Interpretation
However, even in the case of
Rachmaninoff, Stokowski resisted the composers suggestions
regarding performance. They had disagreements about the
1924 recording of the Second Piano concerto. in 1930, Time
Magazine reported "...In the 18 years he has been in
Philadelphia, Stokowski has stayed just that - young, energetic,
pliable. There have been changes in the man himself...From a
simple, naive person he has changed to one who is autocratic,
imperiously sure of his countless opinions on acoustics,
lighting, radio, printing, painting, the habit of applause. At a
recent rehearsal he and Pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff almost came
to blows over the tempo of a Rachmaninoff concerto concerning
which Stokowski felt he knew better than the composer.
Indicative, too, is the feeling of his men, changed now from one
of adoration to respect. ... Stokowski has permitted himself to
develop prima donna tendencies but the public at large continues
to encourage them..."3
Listening to the 1929
performance, I would suppose, but without any source, that
Stokowski was more inclined to savor the opulence of the music,
while Rachmaninoff inclined to a more rapid pace. Although this Time Magazine
account may well be exaggerated, it does reflect that even with
Rachmaninoff as soloist, Stokowski may have felt that he "knew
best". (click here to
read about and listen to the 1929
Stokowski - Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto no 2.)
Another famous concerto example is
the Christmas eve December 24, 1934 recording of the Sibelius
Violin Concerto with Jascha Heifetz. This recording,
although a fiery performance by both Heifetz and Stokowski was
not released until a single copy was used in the 1999
Philadelphia Orchestra, The Centennial Collection CD
release, overseen by Mark Obert-Thorn, with musical restoration
by Ward Marston.
In his program notes to this recording, Barrymore Laurence Scherer said "...According to Ward
Marston, who learned of this from a member of the Orchestra who played in the session, Heifetz at one
point asked Stokowski to have the violins play more softly in a particular passage in order to lend greater
definition to the solo line. Stokowski - who loved manipulating the knops of a recording console almost
as much as conducting itself - felt this request an intrusion upon his prerogative to balance the sound.
Therefore, in a gesture rather foreign to the Christmas spirit, he addressed the Orchestra saying
'Everyone else, play louder. Violins, you stay the same.' Understandably, Heifetz was not amused,
and he subsequently refused to approve the finished recording for release."4
Is this a further example of Stokowski's desire to control?
Jascha Heifetz in a well known 1935 Alfred Eisenstaedt photograph
A third example of a concerted work recorded by Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra is the
Mozart Sinfonia Concertante recording of 1940. Of course, this recording was by the first chair
soloists of the Philadelphia Orchestra. It also broke the twenty year lack of a record of a work by Mozart.
Beyond a very few examples of instrumental soloists, there were many recordings with vocal soloists.
However, in this case, it was a practice of Stokowski to personally coach the singer in advance.
Examples of this were several of Stokowski's favorites, such as Rose Bampton, a Curtis Institute student that
Stokowski included in several recordings. Also listen to the
interview with Jennie Tourel
in
Interviews - Leopold Stokowski
as to her work with Stokowski. In such cases, perhaps the vocal soloist was more in the category of
the first chair instrumentalists in the Mozart Sinfonia Concertante under Stokowski's direction, rather
than a strong, independent artist such as Heifetz, seeking to share the interpretive decisions with Stokowski.
In any case, the results of Stokowski's quest to control of all the diverse elements of a recorded performance,
including the orchestra seating, and even the recording techniques employed must be a key ingredient
in the hundreds of great recorded performances of the "fabulous Philadelphians". Also,
without this single minded determination, it may be unlikely that Stokowski would have personally succeeded
as he did, nor perhaps could he have molded the Philadelphia Orchestra into the leading orchestra it became
under his direction.

Leopold Stokowski in a Studio publicity portrait
Stokowski and Olga Samaroff
Stokowski's first (of three) wives, Olga Samaroff, herself a famed concert pianist played a central role
in Stokowski's career from 1902 until 1922. Read about this in Donna Kline's superb biography:
Kline, Donna Staley. An American Virtuoso on the World Stage: Olga Samaroff Stokowski.
Texas A&M University Press. 1997. ISBN-13 9780890967621
Victor Talking Machine Company and RCA Victor Record Sales by Year
Allen Sutton at his wonderful Mainspring Press web site provides a history of the Victor Talking
Machine Company and RCA Victor record sales by year from October, 1901 through 1941. Link is
http://www.mainspringpress.com/victorsales.html
Allen Sutton and the Mainspring Press publish many of the best discographies of early recording by company
available from any source. Have a look at the bibliography list at
Leopold Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra Bibliography, Sources and Credits
and also of course at the Mainspring Press web site
http://www.mainspringpress.com
Principal Musicians of other leading United States Symphony Orchestras
Since there seems to be a surprising lack of information on the principal musicians of both the Philadelphia
Orchestra and of the many other leading symphony orchestras of the United States, I have started, out of my own
interest to try to compile information on the major orchestras. Below are links to the initial web pages
of this stokowski.org website covering each orchestra. Also, any added information would be welcome simply by
contacting me as shown at the foot of this page.
Links to Pages of Principal Musicians of other leading United States symphony orchestras:
Boston Symphony Orchestra Principal Musicians
Chicago Symphony Orchestra Principal Musicians
Cincinnati Symphony
Orchestra Principal
Musicians
Cleveland Orchestra
Principal Musicians
Detroit Symphony Orchestra
Principal Musicians
Metropolitan Opera Orchestra
Principal Musicians
New York Philharmonic
Orchestra Principal
Musicians
Philadelphia Orchestra Principal Musicians
Pittsburgh Symphony
Orchestra Principal
Musicians
Russian Symphony Orchestra
of New York Principal
Musicians
Saint Louis Symphony
Orchestra Principal
Musicians
San Francisco Symphony
Orchestra Principal
Musicians
Other Pages of
Interest:
Camden Church Studio - Victor Talking Machine
Recording Location
Leopold Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra
Recording in the Academy of Music Philadelphia
Interviews with Leopold Stokowski
Leopold Stokowski
Biography
Leopold Stokowski Orchestrations
Leopold Stokowski, Harvey Fletcher and the Bell
Laboratories Experimental Recordings
Masters of the Modern Restoration of Historic
Disks
Leopold Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra
Chronological Discography
Musicians of the
Philadelphia Orchestra with Biographical Remarks
Further Material on Leopold Stokowski and the
Philadelphia Orchestra
CDs of Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia
Orchestra
Leopold Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra
Bibliography, Sources and Credits
1 page 5. Robinson, Paul
Stokowski, with
Discography by Bruce Surtees.
Macdonald and Jane's. London 1977 ISBN 0-354-04232-7
2
pages 4 - 7. Robinson, Paul op. cit.
3
Spring Rite Time Magazine Monday, Apr. 28,
1930
4 Notes: Instrumentalists. Scherer,
Barrymore Laurence. Program Notes to The
Philadelphia Orchestra, The Centennial Collection.
Philadelphia Orchestra Association. Philadelphia,
1999.
5
Appendix I. Ardoin, John, editor. The Philadelphia
Orchestra, A Century of Music. Temple University
Press. Philadelphia. 1999
6
page 395. Heiles, Anne Mischakoff.
America's Concertmasters. Harmonie Park Press.
Sterling Heights, MI. 2007. ISBN-13 978-0-89990-139-8
7
page 6. Champouillon, David. International
Trumpet Guild Journal. May 1999.
8.
page 234. Wister, Frances Anne.
Twenty-five years of the Philadelphia orchestra (1900-25).
Edward Stern & Co, Philadelphia 1925
If you have any comments or questions about this
Leopold Stokowski site, please e-mail me (Larry Huffman) at e-mail
address: leopold.stokowski@gmail.com
L'Héritage de Stokowski - Accueil français
Victor Talking Machine Company, Eldridge Johnson, et le développement
de la technologie d'enregistrement acoustique
1917 - 1924 les enregistrements acoustique Victor de Leopold
Stokowski et l'Orchestre de Philadelphie
1917 - Premiers enregistrements acoustique de Stokowski -
Orchestre de Philadelphie
1917 - 1919 autres enregistrements acoustique Stokowski - Orchestre
de Philadelphie
1920 - 1921 autres enregistrements acoustique Stokowski - Orchestre
de Philadelphie
1922 - 1924 autres enregistrements acoustique Stokowski - Orchestre
de Philadelphie
1919 - 1924 enregistrements acoustique Russe Stokowski -
Orchestre de Philadelphie
1920 - 1924 enregistrements acoustique français - Stokowski
- Orchestre de Philadelphie
1921 -1924 enregistrements acoustique Tchaïkovski - Stokowski - Orchestre
de Philadelphie
1921 - 1924 enregistrements acoustique Wagner - Stokowski -
Orchestre de Philadelphie
1924 enregistrements acoustique Rachmaninov - Stokowski - Orchestre
de Philadelphie
Développement de l'enregistrement électrique
Permis d'exploitation du système Westrex donné à Victor et Columbia
1925 Premier enregistrement électrique Stokowski - Orchestre
de Philadelphie
1925 autres enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie
1926 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1927 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
Encore des enregistrements 1927 électriques Stokowski -
Orchestre de Philadelphie
1928 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1929 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1930 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1931 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1932 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1933 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1934 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
Encore des enregistrements 1934 électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1935 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1936 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1937 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
1939-1940 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de
Philadelphie
D'autres documents sur Stokowski et l'Orchestre de Philadelphie
Camden église studio - Victor Talking Machine studio d'enregistrement
Leopold Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie Enregistrement à
l'Académie de musique de Philadelphie
Interviews avec Leopold Stokowski
Leopold Stokowski Orchestrations
Leopold Stokowski, Harvey Fletcher et les laboratoires Bell
expérimental enregistrements
Maîtres de restauration moderne de disques historique
CDs de Stokowski et l'Orchestre de Philadelphie
Leopold Stokowski Discographies chronologique
Leopold Stokowski Discographie chronologique -
enregistrements acoustique
Leopold Stokowski Discographie chronologique -
enregistrements électriques
Leopold Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie bibliographie, des
sources et crédits
L'Orchestre symphonique de Boston - musiciens principaux
L'Orchestre symphonique de Chicago - musiciens principaux
L'Orchestre de Cleveland - musiciens principaux
L'Orchestre du Metropolitan Opera de New York - musiciens principaux
L'Orchestre philharmonique de New York - musiciens principaux
L'Orchestre de Philadelphie - musiciens principaux
L'Orchestre symphonique Russe de New York - musiciens principaux
L'Orchestre symphonique de San Francisco - musiciens principaux
L'Orchestre symphonique de St. Louis - musiciens principaux
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