Further Material about

Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra

Version française


Navigation Table of the  www.stokowski.org Site

Return to www.stokowski.org Home Page

Navigation: Acoustic Recordings of

Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra

Click on the link below

Navigation: Electrical Recordings of

Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra

Click on the link below

The Development of Acoustic Recording

The Development of Electrical Recording

Navigation: Other Stokowski Materials

Click on the link below

Pictures of Leopold Stokowski

 
 
 

Return to www.stokowski.org Home Page


Further Material about Leopold Stokowski

and the Philadelphia Orchestra

 

Leopold Stokowski about 1929 - sketch by Oscar Berger

 

  Further Information about Stokowski and about the Philadelphia Orchestra

 

This Leopold Stokowski site is devoted to the legacy of Leopold Stokowski from his work with the Philadelphia Orchestra.  However, in this section, added material about both Stokowski and about the Philadelphia Orchestra from a broader period is included.

 

Included here previously, but moved to its own page is biographical information on the Musicians of the Philadelphia Orchestra Click here to read about the Philadelphia Orchestra Principal musicians.

 

Here are included discussions of the recordings and history of Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra, as well as links to a number of pages of related information.

 

Stokowski and Soloists

 

It is striking that during the period of Stokowski's recordings from 1917 to 1940 he recorded almost no works with instrumental soloist.  Paul Robinson in his Stokowski biography said "...the combination of a drive to dominate and a skill capable of achieving domination helps to account for his success."1 This commentary might be considered to be characteristic of nearly all of the successful great conductors.  Those great conductors who may have had less drive to control and dominate seem to have suffered as a result.  Dimitri Metropoulos comes to mind.

 

However, Robinson also speaks of Stokowski's life-long preference for self-sufficiency.  He tried systematically to avoid dependency on others, whether orchestral boards, wives, agents, or friends2.  This observation may seem harsh or categorical, but is reflected in the biographies and reminiscences about this great conductor.  So, at the risk of slipping into the character of an "armchair psychologist", could this quest for control and self-sufficiency be a reason why he seemed not to want to share the interpretation and delivery of great works with leading soloists?

 

Consider the many concerti that would seem logically to have been at the core of a Stokowski - Philadelphia repertoire.   The two Brahms Piano Concerti, the Brahms Violin Concerto, the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto, just to name a few.  These would likely also be among the favorite concerti of the Philadelphia audience. The Tchaikovsky was in fact a featured work for Stokowski's very first concert as a conductor, with the Paris Colonne Orchestra, May 12, 1909, with his wife Olga Samaroff as piano soloist.  The Tchaikovsky concerto was also part of the first Philadelphia Orchestra concert of November 16, 1900 8. None of these did he record with the Philadelphia Orchestra.  Further, looking at Enno Riekena's excellent discography of Stokowski's recordings, we see that the Brahms and Tchaikovsky piano concerti he did not record commercially.   There exist a non-commercial release of a live recording of each of these from the 1960s.  And the Brahms Violin Concerto seems not to exist in any recording.  This is striking, given that these concerti would seem to be in the heart of the repertoire favored by Stokowski.

 

The examples of recordings of concerted works with soloist which are exceptions to this pattern  of avoiding the concerto are each interesting.  First is the series of famous recordings of Rachmaninoff piano works: the 1924 and 1929 recordings of the Second Piano Concerto and the 1934 recording of the "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini".   These are recordings with not just a soloist, but with the composer, who also is one of the great pianists of the age.  Stokowski could feel open to share the interpretation with the composer of the work.

       Rachmaninoff in the 1920s

 

Rachmaninoff and Stokowski Disagree on Interpretation

 

However, even in the case of Rachmaninoff, Stokowski resisted the composers suggestions regarding performance.  They had disagreements about the 1924 recording of the Second Piano concerto.  in 1930, Time Magazine reported "...In the 18 years he has been in Philadelphia, Stokowski has stayed just that - young, energetic, pliable. There have been changes in the man himself...From a simple, naive person he has changed to one who is autocratic, imperiously sure of his countless opinions on acoustics, lighting, radio, printing, painting, the habit of applause. At a recent rehearsal he and Pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff almost came to blows over the tempo of a Rachmaninoff concerto concerning which Stokowski felt he knew better than the composer. Indicative, too, is the feeling of his men, changed now from one of adoration to respect. ... Stokowski has permitted himself to develop prima donna tendencies but the public at large continues to encourage them..."3

 

Listening to the 1929 performance, I would suppose, but without any source, that Stokowski was more inclined to savor the opulence of the music, while Rachmaninoff inclined to a more rapid pace.  Although this Time Magazine account may well be exaggerated, it does reflect that even with Rachmaninoff as soloist, Stokowski may have felt that he "knew best".  (click here to read about and listen to the 1929 Stokowski - Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto no 2.)

 

Another famous concerto example is the Christmas eve December 24, 1934 recording of the Sibelius Violin Concerto with Jascha Heifetz.  This recording, although a fiery performance by both Heifetz and Stokowski was not released until a single copy was used in the 1999 Philadelphia Orchestra, The Centennial Collection CD release, overseen by Mark Obert-Thorn, with musical restoration by Ward Marston. 

 

In his program notes to this recording, Barrymore Laurence Scherer said "...According to Ward Marston, who learned of this from a member of the Orchestra who played in the session, Heifetz at one point asked Stokowski to have the violins play more softly in a particular passage in order to lend greater definition to the solo line.  Stokowski - who loved manipulating the knops of a recording console almost as much as conducting itself - felt this request an intrusion upon his prerogative to balance the sound.  Therefore, in a gesture rather foreign to the Christmas spirit, he addressed the Orchestra saying 'Everyone else, play louder.  Violins, you stay the same.'  Understandably, Heifetz was not amused, and he subsequently refused to approve the finished recording for release."4   Is this a further example of Stokowski's desire to control?

Jascha Heifetz in a well known 1935 Alfred Eisenstaedt photograph

 

A third example of a concerted work recorded by Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra is the Mozart Sinfonia Concertante recording of 1940.  Of course, this recording was by the first chair soloists of the Philadelphia Orchestra.  It also broke the twenty year lack of a record of a work by Mozart.

 

Beyond a very few examples of instrumental soloists, there were many recordings with vocal soloists.  However, in this case, it was a practice of Stokowski to personally coach the singer in advance.  Examples of this were several of Stokowski's favorites, such as Rose Bampton, a Curtis Institute student that Stokowski included in several recordings.  Also listen to the interview with Jennie Tourel in Interviews - Leopold Stokowski as to her work with Stokowski.  In such cases, perhaps the vocal soloist was more in the category of the first chair instrumentalists in the Mozart Sinfonia Concertante under Stokowski's direction, rather than a strong, independent artist such as Heifetz, seeking to share the interpretive decisions with Stokowski.

 

In any case, the results of Stokowski's quest to control of all the diverse elements of a recorded performance, including the orchestra seating, and even the recording techniques employed must be a key ingredient in the hundreds of great recorded performances of the "fabulous Philadelphians".  Also, without this single minded determination, it may be unlikely that Stokowski would have personally succeeded as he did, nor perhaps could he have molded the Philadelphia Orchestra into the leading orchestra it became under his direction.

      Leopold Stokowski in a Studio publicity portrait

 

Stokowski and Olga Samaroff

 

Stokowski's first (of three) wives, Olga Samaroff, herself a famed concert pianist played a central role in Stokowski's career from 1902 until 1922.  Read about this in Donna Kline's superb biography:  Kline, Donna Staley. An American Virtuoso on the World Stage: Olga Samaroff Stokowski. Texas A&M University Press. 1997.  ISBN-13 9780890967621

 

 

Victor Talking Machine Company and RCA Victor Record Sales by Year

 

Allen Sutton at his wonderful Mainspring Press web site provides a history of the Victor Talking Machine Company and RCA Victor record sales by year from October, 1901 through 1941.  Link is http://www.mainspringpress.com/victorsales.html

 

Allen Sutton and the Mainspring Press publish many of the best discographies of early recording by company available from any source.  Have a look at the bibliography list at Leopold Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra Bibliography, Sources and Credits and also of course at the Mainspring Press web site http://www.mainspringpress.com

 

Principal Musicians of other leading United States Symphony Orchestras

 

Since there seems to be a surprising lack of information on the principal musicians of both the Philadelphia Orchestra and of the many other leading symphony orchestras of the United States, I have started, out of my own interest to try to compile information on the major orchestras.  Below are links to the initial web pages of this stokowski.org website covering each orchestra.  Also, any added information would be welcome simply by contacting me as shown at the foot of this page.

 

Links to Pages of Principal Musicians of other leading United States symphony orchestras:

 

Boston Symphony Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

Chicago Symphony Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

Cleveland Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

Detroit Symphony Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

Metropolitan Opera Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

New York Philharmonic Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

Philadelphia Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

Russian Symphony Orchestra of New York Principal Musicians

 

Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

San Francisco Symphony Orchestra Principal Musicians

 

 

 

 

 

 


Other Pages of Interest:

 

Camden Church Studio - Victor Talking Machine Recording Location

 

Leopold Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra Recording in the Academy of Music Philadelphia

 

Interviews with Leopold Stokowski

 

Leopold Stokowski Biography

 

Leopold Stokowski Orchestrations

 

Leopold Stokowski, Harvey Fletcher and the Bell Laboratories Experimental Recordings

 

Masters of the Modern Restoration of Historic Disks

 

Leopold Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra Chronological Discography

 

Musicians of the Philadelphia Orchestra with Biographical Remarks

 

Further Material on Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra

 

CDs of Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra

 

 

 

Leopold Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra Bibliography, Sources and Credits


 

1  page 5.  Robinson, Paul Stokowski, with Discography by Bruce Surtees. Macdonald and Jane's. London 1977 ISBN 0-354-04232-7

 

2  pages 4 - 7.  Robinson, Paul op. cit.

 

3  Spring Rite Time Magazine Monday, Apr. 28, 1930

 

4   Notes: Instrumentalists. Scherer, Barrymore Laurence.  Program Notes to The Philadelphia Orchestra, The Centennial Collection.  Philadelphia Orchestra Association.  Philadelphia, 1999.

 

5   Appendix I. Ardoin, John, editor. The Philadelphia Orchestra, A Century of Music. Temple University Press. Philadelphia. 1999

 

6   page 395.  Heiles, Anne Mischakoff.  America's Concertmasters.  Harmonie Park Press.  Sterling Heights, MI. 2007.  ISBN-13 978-0-89990-139-8

 

7   page 6.  Champouillon, David.  International Trumpet Guild Journal.  May 1999. 

 

8.   page 234.  Wister, Frances Anne.  Twenty-five years of the Philadelphia orchestra (1900-25)Edward Stern & Co, Philadelphia 1925 


If you have any comments or questions about this Leopold Stokowski site, please e-mail me (Larry Huffman) at e-mail address: leopold.stokowski@gmail.com 


 

Navigation Table of the  www.stokowski.org Site

Return to www.stokowski.org Home Page

Navigation: Acoustic Recordings of

Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra

Click on the link below

Navigation: Electrical Recordings of

Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra

Click on the link below

The Development of Acoustic Recording

The Development of Electrical Recording

Navigation: Other Stokowski Materials

Click on the link below

Pictures of Leopold Stokowski

 
 
 

Return to www.stokowski.org Home Page

 

L'Héritage de Stokowski - Accueil français

Victor Talking Machine Company, Eldridge Johnson, et le développement de la technologie d'enregistrement acoustique

1917 - 1924 les enregistrements acoustique Victor de Leopold Stokowski et l'Orchestre de Philadelphie

1917 -  Premiers enregistrements acoustique de Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1917 - 1919 autres enregistrements acoustique Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1920 - 1921 autres enregistrements acoustique Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1922 - 1924 autres enregistrements acoustique Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1919 - 1924 enregistrements acoustique Russe Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1920 - 1924 enregistrements acoustique français - Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1921 -1924 enregistrements acoustique Tchaïkovski - Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1921 - 1924 enregistrements acoustique Wagner - Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1924 enregistrements acoustique Rachmaninov - Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

 

Développement de l'enregistrement électrique

Permis d'exploitation du système Westrex donné à Victor et Columbia

1925 Premier enregistrement électrique Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1925 autres enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1926 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1927 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

Encore des enregistrements 1927 électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1928 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1929 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1930 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1931 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1932 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1933 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1934 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

Encore des enregistrements 1934 électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1935 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1936 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1937 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

1939-1940 enregistrements électriques Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie

 

D'autres documents sur Stokowski et l'Orchestre de Philadelphie

Camden église studio - Victor Talking Machine studio d'enregistrement

Leopold Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie Enregistrement à l'Académie de musique de Philadelphie

Interviews avec Leopold Stokowski

Leopold Stokowski Orchestrations

Leopold Stokowski, Harvey Fletcher et les laboratoires Bell expérimental enregistrements

Maîtres de restauration moderne de disques historique

CDs de Stokowski et l'Orchestre de Philadelphie

Leopold Stokowski Discographies chronologique

      Leopold Stokowski Discographie chronologique - enregistrements acoustique

      Leopold Stokowski Discographie chronologique - enregistrements électriques

Leopold Stokowski - Orchestre de Philadelphie bibliographie, des sources et crédits

 

L'Orchestre symphonique de Boston - musiciens principaux

L'Orchestre symphonique de Chicago - musiciens principaux

L'Orchestre de Cleveland - musiciens principaux

L'Orchestre du Metropolitan Opera de New York - musiciens principaux

L'Orchestre philharmonique de New York - musiciens principaux

L'Orchestre de Philadelphie - musiciens principaux

L'Orchestre symphonique Russe de New York - musiciens principaux

L'Orchestre symphonique de San Francisco - musiciens principaux

L'Orchestre symphonique de St. Louis - musiciens principaux